Do animals know what they know ?
نویسندگان
چکیده
Using well-established paradigms for studying animal perception and memory, researchers have begun to ask whether animals can monitor the status of their knowledge in a behaviour al task whether they know what they know. Generally, such metacognitive ability is tested by giving animals the opportunity to avoid (or ‘escape’) a test of memory or perceptual discrimination. The pattern of escapes can then be analyzed in a number of ways, including whether the subject escapes more often from difficult tests, where a correct answer is less likely, than from easy tests. A number of non-metacognitive strategies can be used by animals in these experiments, however, and it is important to control carefully for alternative explanations. Moreover, only rigorous, controlled tests will determine whether current suggestions of species differences in metacognitive abilities are correct. Some of the most interesting and controversial work in animal behaviour involves the search for relatively complex mental processes in nonhuman animals. Investigations of episodic memory (Clayton et al, this volume), mind reading (Tomasello & Call; Povinelli & Vonk, this volume), intentional deception (Kummer et al 1996), and metacognition (Hampton, 2001; Inman & Shettleworth, 1999; Smith, Shields, & Washburn, 2003; Sole,
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